Wireless Charging System With Object Detection

ABSTRACT

A wireless power transmitting device transmits wireless power signals to a wireless power receiving device. The wireless power receiving device has a wireless power receiving coil in a resonant circuit that resonates at a wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency. The wireless power transmitting device has coils. The coils are supplied with a drive signal in bursts to detect external objects. Measurement circuitry includes an oscillator for supplying the drive signals and a peak detector and analog-to-digital converter for gathering measurements on the coils to which the drive signals have been supplied. Rate-based-filtering is applied to output signals from the analog-to-digital converter to distinguish between temperature drift effects and object placement effects. The frequency of the drive signals is slightly greater than the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/885,411, filed Jan. 31, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/804,145, filed Nov. 6, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and which claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 62/453,850, filed on Feb. 2, 2017, and provisional patent application No. 62/526,285, filed on Jun. 28, 2017, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD

This relates generally to wireless systems, and, more particularly, to systems in which devices are wirelessly charged.

BACKGROUND

In a wireless charging system, a wireless power transmitting device such as a device with a charging surface wirelessly transmits power to a portable electronic device. The portable electronic device receives the wirelessly transmitted power and uses this power to charge an internal battery or to power the device. In some situations, foreign objects may be accidentally place on a charging surface. This can pose challenges when performing wireless power transmission operations.

SUMMARY

A wireless power transmitting device transmits wireless power signals to a wireless power receiving device. The wireless power transmitting device has an inverter that supplies signals to an output circuit that includes a wireless power transmitting coil. The wireless power transmitting coil may be part of an array of wireless power transmitting coils that cover a wireless charging surface associated with the wireless power transmitting device.

Signal measurement circuitry is coupled to the output circuit to help determine whether the wireless power receiving device is present and ready to accept transmission of wireless power. The measurement circuitry includes a measurement circuit that is coupled to the output circuit and that measures signals while oscillator circuitry supplies the output circuit with signals at a probe frequency. Using measurements from this measurement circuitry at one or more probe frequencies, the wireless power transmitting device determines whether an external object is present on the coils.

Impulse response circuitry in the measurement circuitry is coupled to the output circuit and used to measure the response of the output circuit to an impulse signal supplied by an inverter in the wireless power transmitting device. The impulse response circuitry is used to make inductance and Q factor measurements.

During operation, information from the impulse response circuitry and measurements at the probe frequency can be used in determining whether a wireless receiving device is present over particular coils in wireless charging surface and can therefore be used in adjusting wireless power transmission with the wireless power transmitting device.

The measurement circuitry also includes a measurement circuit that is coupled to the output circuit and that measures signals while the oscillator circuitry sweeps an alternating-current output signal between a first frequency and a second frequency. Measurements resulting from frequency-sweeping operations are used to detect sensitive devices such as radio-frequency identification devices. If sensitive devices are detected, potentially damaging wireless power transmission operations can be avoided.

Switching circuitry is used to dynamically switch selected coils from the coil array that overlaps the charging surface into the output circuit, so that appropriate coils in the coil array can be probed for the presence of external objects and sensitive devices such as radio-frequency identification devices.

The wireless power receiving device has a wireless power receiving coil in a resonant circuit that resonates at a wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency. The coils of the wireless power transmitting device are supplied with a drive signal in bursts. During each burst of drive signals, external objects can be detected. Between bursts, the drive signals are not applied and measurements on the coils are not made. This helps conserve power.

The measurement circuitry includes an oscillator for supplying the drive signals and a peak detector and analog-to-digital converter for gathering measurements on the coils to which the drive signals have been supplied. Rate-based-filtering is applied to output signals from the analog-to-digital converter to distinguish between temperature drift effects and object placement effects. The frequency of the drive signals is slightly greater than the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency to enhance signal measurements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative wireless charging system in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a top view of an illustrative wireless power transmitting device with an array of coils that forms a wireless charging surface in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless power transmitting circuitry with output circuit signal measurement circuitry in a wireless power transmitting device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the response of various illustrative objects on the surface of a wireless power transmitting device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a graph of an illustrative impulse response of the type that may be used to characterize objects on a wireless power transmitting device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing output signal traces of the type that may be associated with placing a sensitive object such as a radio-frequency identification device on the surface of a wireless power transmitting device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative portable electronic device that has a wireless power receiving coil and an ancillary coil that forms a resonant circuit in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a graph in which output circuit signal measurements as a function of frequency have been plotted for multiple types of illustrative objects on the surface of a wireless power transmitting device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of illustrative operations involved in operating a wireless power transfer system such as the wireless charging system of FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing signals associated with performing impulse response measurements in a noisy wireless charging environment in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of illustrative operations associated with making impulse response measurements in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative wireless charging system having measurement circuitry in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing how a drive frequency for a measurement circuit may be selected based on the resonant frequency of a wireless power receiving circuit in a wireless power receiving device in the wireless charging system in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a graph showing how drive signals may be applied to a coil array in bursts separated by time periods with no drive signals to conserve power in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a graph showing how analog-to-digital converter output signals in a measurement circuit may be filtered using a window algorithm to help discriminate between temperature drive effects and external object movement effects in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A wireless power system has a wireless power transmitting device that transmits power wirelessly to a wireless power receiving device. The wireless power transmitting device is a device such as a wireless charging mat, wireless charging puck, wireless charging stand, wireless charging table, or other wireless power transmitting equipment. The wireless power transmitting device has one or more coils that are used in transmitting wireless power to one or more wireless power receiving coils in the wireless power receiving device. The wireless power receiving device is a device such as a cellular telephone, watch, media player, tablet computer, pair of earbuds, remote control, laptop computer, other portable electronic device, or other wireless power receiving equipment.

During operation, the wireless power transmitting device supplies alternating-current signals to one or more wireless power transmitting coils. This causes the coils to transmit alternating-current electromagnetic signals (sometimes referred to as wireless power signals) to one or more corresponding coils in the wireless power receiving device. Rectifier circuitry in the wireless power receiving device converts received wireless power signals into direct-current (DC) power for powering the wireless power receiving device.

An illustrative wireless power system (wireless charging system) is shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, wireless power system 8 includes wireless power transmitting device 12 and one or more wireless power receiving devices such as wireless power receiving device 10. Device 12 may be a stand-alone device such as a wireless charging mat, may be built into furniture, or may be other wireless charging equipment. Device 10 is a portable electronic device such as a wristwatch, a cellular telephone, a tablet computer, or other electronic equipment. Illustrative configurations in which device 12 is a mat or other equipment that forms a wireless charging surface and in which device 10 is a portable electronic device that rests on the wireless charging surface during wireless power transfer operations may sometimes be described herein as an example.

During operation of system 8, a user places one or more devices 10 on the charging surface of device 12. Power transmitting device 12 is coupled to a source of alternating-current voltage such as alternating-current power source 50 (e.g., a wall outlet that supplies line power or other source of mains electricity), has a battery such as battery 38 for supplying power, and/or is coupled to another source of power. A power converter such as AC-DC power converter 40 can convert power from a mains power source or other AC power source into DC power that is used to power control circuitry 42 and other circuitry in device 12. During operation, control circuitry 42 uses wireless power transmitting circuitry 34 and one or more coils 36 coupled to circuitry 34 to transmit alternating-current electromagnetic signals 48 to device 10 and thereby convey wireless power to wireless power receiving circuitry 46 of device 10.

Power transmitting circuitry 34 has switching circuitry (e.g., transistors in an inverter circuit) that are turned on and off based on control signals provided by control circuitry 42 to create AC current signals through appropriate coils 36. As the AC currents pass through a coil 36 that is being driven by the inverter circuit, alternating-current electromagnetic fields (wireless power signals 48) are produced that are received by one or more corresponding coils 14 coupled to wireless power receiving circuitry 46 in receiving device 10. When the alternating-current electromagnetic fields are received by coil 14, corresponding alternating-current currents and voltages are induced in coil 14. Rectifier circuitry in circuitry 46 converts received AC signals (received alternating-current currents and voltages associated with wireless power signals) from one or more coils 14 into DC voltage signals for powering device 10. The DC voltages are used in powering components in device 10 such as display 52, touch sensor components and other sensors 54 (e.g., accelerometers, force sensors, temperature sensors, light sensors, pressure sensors, gas sensors, moisture sensors, magnetic sensors, etc.), wireless communications circuits 56 for communicating wirelessly with control circuitry 42 of device 12 and/or other equipment, audio components, and other components (e.g., input-output devices 22 and/or control circuitry 20) and are used in charging an internal battery in device 10 such as battery 18.

Devices 12 and 10 include control circuitry 42 and 20. Control circuitry 42 and 20 includes storage and processing circuitry such as microprocessors, power management units, baseband processors, digital signal processors, microcontrollers, and/or application-specific integrated circuits with processing circuits. Control circuitry 42 and 20 is configured to execute instructions for implementing desired control and communications features in system 8. For example, control circuitry 42 and/or 20 may be used in determining power transmission levels, processing sensor data, processing user input, processing other information such as information on wireless coupling efficiency from transmitting circuitry 34, processing information from receiving circuitry 46, using information from circuitry 34 and/or 46 such as signal measurements on output circuitry in circuitry 34 and other information from circuitry 34 and/or 46 to determine when to start and stop wireless charging operations, adjusting charging parameters such as charging frequencies, coil assignments in a multi-coil array, and wireless power transmission levels, and performing other control functions. Control circuitry 42 and/or 20 may be configured to perform these operations using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry) and/or software (e.g., code that runs on the hardware of system 8). Software code for performing these operations is stored on non-transitory computer readable storage media (e.g., tangible computer readable storage media). The software code may sometimes be referred to as software, data, program instructions, instructions, or code. The non-transitory computer readable storage media may include non-volatile memory such as non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), one or more hard drives (e.g., magnetic drives or solid state drives), one or more removable flash drives or other removable media, other computer readable media, or combinations of these computer readable media or other storage. Software stored on the non-transitory computer readable storage media may be executed on the processing circuitry of control circuitry 42 and/or 20. The processing circuitry may include application-specific integrated circuits with processing circuitry, one or more microprocessors, or other processing circuitry.

Device 12 and/or device 10 may communicate wirelessly. Devices 10 and 12 may, for example, have wireless transceiver circuitry in control circuitry 42 and 20 (and/or wireless communications circuitry such as circuitry 56 of FIG. 1) that allows wireless transmission of signals between devices 10 and 12 (e.g., using antennas that are separate from coils 36 and 14 to transmit and receive unidirectional or bidirectional wireless signals, using coils 36 and 14 to transmit and receive unidirectional or bidirectional wireless signals, etc.).

With one illustrative configuration, wireless transmitting device 12 is a wireless charging mat or other wireless power transmitting equipment that has an array of coils 36 that supply wireless power over a wireless charging surface. This type of arrangement is shown in FIG. 2. In the example of FIG. 2, device 12 has an array of coils 36 that lie in the X-Y plane. Coils 36 of device 12 are covered by a planar dielectric structure such as a plastic member or other structure forming charging surface 60. The lateral dimensions (X and Y dimensions) of the array of coils 36 in device 36 may be 1-1000 cm, 5-50 cm, more than 5 cm, more than 20 cm, less than 200 cm, less than 75 cm, or other suitable size. Coils 36 may overlap or may be arranged in a non-overlapping configuration. Coils 36 can be placed in a rectangular array having rows and columns and/or may be tiled using a hexagonal tile pattern or other pattern.

During operation, a user places one or more devices 10 on charging surface 60. Foreign objects such as coils, paper clips, scraps of metal foil, and/or other foreign conductive objects may be accidentally placed on surface 60. System 8 automatically detects whether conductive objects located on surface 60 correspond to devices 10 or incompatible foreign objects and takes suitable action. With one illustrative arrangement, system 8 checks whether objects located on surface 60 include sensitive items such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices or other potentially sensitive electronic equipment that could be potentially damaged upon exposure to large fields from coils 36 before system 8 allows wireless power to be transmitted to those objects.

As shown in the example of FIG. 2, external objects such as external object 62 and object 64 may overlap one or more coils 36. In some situations, objects 62 and 64 will be portable electronic devices 10. In other situations, one or more of objects 62 and 64 will be incompatible external objects (e.g., conductive foreign objects such as metallic coins, sensitive devices such as RFID devices, etc.). Situations may also arise in which incompatible external objects and portable electronic devices overlap the same coil or coils 36.

Illustrative wireless power transmitting circuitry 34 that includes circuitry to detect and characterize external objects on surface 60 is shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 2, circuitry 34 may include an inverter such as inverter 72 or other drive circuit that produces wireless power signals that are transmitted through an output circuit that includes one or more coils 36. A single coil 36 is shown in the example of FIG. 2. In general, device 12 may have any suitable number of coils 36 (1-100, more than 5, more than 10, fewer than 40, fewer than 30, 5-25, etc.). Switching circuitry MX (sometimes referred to as multiplexer circuitry) that is controlled by control circuitry 42 can be located before and/or after each coil 36 and/or before and/or after the other components of output circuit 71 and can be used to switch desired sets of one or more coils 36 (desired output circuits 71) into or out of use. For example, if it is determined that object 62 of FIG. 2 is a wireless power receiving device 10 and object 64 is an incompatible foreign object such as a coin, the coils overlapping object 62 may be activated during wireless power transmission operations and the coils under object 64 may be deactivated so that these coils do not transmit wireless power. Other coils 36 (e.g., coils not overlapped by object 64 in this example) can also be turned off during wireless power transmission operations, if desired.

With continued reference to FIG. 3, during wireless power transmission operations, transistors 74 of inverter 72 are driven by AC control signals from control circuitry 42. Control circuitry 42 may also use transistors 74 of inverter 72 to apply square wave pulses or other impulses to coil 36 (e.g., during impulse response measurements). Coil 36 (e.g., a coil that has been selected using multiplexing circuitry MX) has an inductance L. Capacitor 96 has a capacitance Cl that is coupled in series with inductance L in output circuit 90. When supplied with alternating-current drive signals from inverter 72 while switch (transistor) TP is closed, the output circuit formed from coil 36 and capacitor 96 produces alternating-current electromagnetic fields that are received by one or more coils 14 in device 10. The inductance L of each coil 36 is influenced by magnetic coupling with external objects, so measurements of inductance L for one or more of coils 36 in device 12 at various frequencies can reveal information on objects on charging surface 60.

To conserve power, device 12 may be operated in a standby mode while awaiting use to supply wireless power to devices 10. The signal measurement circuitry of FIG. 3 (sometimes referred to as output circuit signal measurement circuitry, external or foreign object detection circuitry, etc.) monitors for the presence of external objects during standby. The power consumption of the measurement circuitry in transmitter circuitry 34 during standby operations may be less than 50 mW, less than 200 mW, more than 1 mW, or other suitable value.

In standby mode, device 12 periodically scans coils 36 (e.g., device 12 scans each of coils 36) for the presence of external objects (e.g., devices 10, foreign objects such as coins, etc.). To probe a selected coil for changes in inductance L due to external objects, a probe signal is driven onto node N1 with oscillator circuitry 84 while control circuitry 42 turns off inverter 72 (e.g., transistors 74 are not used to drive signals onto node N2). Control circuitry 42 may, for example, use oscillator circuitry 84 (e.g., one or more voltage controlled oscillators, one or more other adjustable oscillators, and/or other oscillatory circuitry) to produce an alternating-current probe signal (e.g., a sine wave, square wave, etc.) at a probe frequency fr (e.g., 4 MHz or other suitable frequency such as a frequency of at least 500 kHz, at least 1 MHz, at least 2 MHz, less than 10 MHz, between 1 MHz and 10 MHz, or other suitable frequency). The probe frequency fr that is used during standby mode is a frequency that differs from RFID frequencies such as 13.56 MHz and that differs from the normal alternating-current frequency supplied to output circuit 71 by inverter 72 during wireless charging operations, which may be, for example, 100-500 kHz, more than 50 kHz, more than 100 kHz, more than 200 kHz, less than 450 kHz, less than 400 kHz, less than 300 kHz, or other suitable wireless power alternating-current drive frequency.

The signal at frequency fr is applied to node N1 via capacitor 86 and coupled to coil 36 via capacitor 96 while inverter 72 is held in an off state by control circuitry 42. Control circuitry 42 controls multiplexer MX to select the coil to which the signal at frequency fr is applied (e.g., coil 36 of FIG. 3) from the array of coils 36 of device 12 shown in FIG. 2. Capacitance Cl may have a value of 150 μF, more than 10 μF, less than 1000 μF, or other suitable value. Transistor TP may have a parasitic capacitance Cp (e.g., a capacitance of 80 pF, more than 10 pF, less than 800 pF, or other suitable value) when open. For standby operations, control circuitry 42 opens transistor TP so that so that probe signals are routed through coil 36. When transistor TP is open, parasitic capacitance Cp is coupled in series with capacitance Cl. This effectively removes capacitance Cl from the series circuit formed with inductance L, as the capacitance of capacitance Cl (which is in the microfarad range) and Cp (which is in the picofarad range) in series will be approximately Cp.

With TP open, output circuit 71 (coil 36 in series with Cl and Cp) will be characterized by a resonance at frequency fres of equation 1.

fres=1/(2π(LCp)^(1/2))  (1)

The expected measured signal at node N1 (output voltage OUT(N1)) as a function of applied signal frequency f in the absence of external objects on coil 36 is given by curve 102 of FIG. 4. In the presence of an electronic device such as device 10 that contains one or more coils 14 overlapping coil 36, curve 102 may shift to lower frequencies as shown by curve 100. In the presence of a coin or other incompatible foreign object overlapping coil 36, curve 102 may shift to higher frequencies as shown by curve 104. Changes in load can be detected by monitoring the value of OUT(N1) using measurement circuit 78 of FIG. 3 at one or more probe frequencies. For example, oscillator circuitry 84 may be used to apply a probe signal to node N1 at a frequency fr that has been chosen to match resonant frequency fres of equation 1. If desired, multiple probe signals may be applied to output circuit 72 while using measurement circuitry to evaluate the resulting signal on node N1. For example, the direction of change in curve 102 (shifting higher or lower) can be detected by taking multiple measurements of OUT(N1) at two or more frequencies near frequency fr of FIG. 4).

To make measurements of OUT(N1), measurement circuit 78 includes peak detector 80 and analog-to-digital converter 82. Circuit 78 measures the signal at node N1 and supplies a corresponding digital version of this signal to control circuitry 42. In the presence of an object overlapping coil 36 (whether from device 10, a sensitive RFID device, or a coin or other incompatible foreign object), signal OUT(N1) will drop. For example, the signal on node N1 may drop from a value of P1 (e.g., a peak value associated with curve 102) when coil 36 is unloaded to a value of P2 (a reduced value associated with shifted curve 100) when coil 36 is loaded due to the presence of an external object.

During standby operations, control circuitry 42 can scan through coils 36 by using multiplexer circuitry MX or other switching circuitry in circuitry 34. In some embodiments, this sequentially couples each of coils 36 to node N1 while circuitry 78 measures OUT(N1) for each selected coil 36. If no changes in OUT(N1) are detected, control circuitry 42 can conclude that no objects are present on device 12 (e.g., no objects are resting on charging surface 60). If a change in OUT(N1) is detected, control circuitry 42 performs additional operations to confirm that device 10 is present rather than an incompatible foreign object such as a coin.

With one illustrative approach, control circuitry 42 uses impulse response measurement circuitry 76 (sometimes referred to as inductance measurement circuitry and/or Q factor measurement circuitry) to perform low-frequency measurements of inductance L and quality factor Q in response to detection of a load on one or more coils 36 during standby. During impulse response measurements, control circuitry 42 directs inverter 72 to supply one or more excitation pulses (impulses) to coil 36 while turning on transistor TP, so that L and Cl in output circuit 71 form a resonant circuit. The impulses may be, for example, square wave pulses of 1 μs in duration. Longer or shorter pulses may be applied, if desired. The resonant circuit may resonate at a frequency near to the normal wireless charging frequency of coil 36 (e.g., about 320 kHz, 100-500 kHz, more than 50 kHz, more than 100 kHz, more than 200 kHz, less than 450 kHz, less than 400 kHz, less than 300 kHz, or other suitable wireless charging frequency).

The impulse response (signal OUT(N1)) of circuit 71 to the applied pulse(s) is as shown in FIG. 5. The frequency of the impulse response signal of FIG. 5 is proportional to 1/sqrt(LC), so L can be obtained from the known value of C1 and the measured frequency of the impulse response signal. Q may be derived from L and the measured decay of the impulse response signal. As shown in FIG. 5, if signal OUT(N1) decays slowly, Q is high (e.g., HQ) and if signal OUT(N1) decays more rapidly, Q is low (e.g., SQ). Measurement of the decay envelope of OUT(N1) and frequency of OUT(N1) of the impulse response signal of FIG. 5 with circuitry 76 will therefore allow control circuitry 42 to determine Q and L.

If the measured value of L for a given coil matches the normal L value expected for each of coils 36 in the array of coils 36 overlapping surface 60 (e.g., when the measured L value is not influenced by the presence device 10 or other external object on surface 60), control circuitry 42 can conclude that no external object suitable for wireless charging is present. If a given measured value of L is larger than that expected for an unloaded coil, control circuitry 42 can conclude that an external object is present that is suitable for wireless charging and can perform additional measurement operations. For example, control circuitry 42 can perform a swept-frequency measurement (sometimes referred to as an RFID checking measurement) on node N1 to check whether a sensitive device such as an RFID device is present on surface 60.

The measurements made by circuitry 76 are performed on one or more of coils 36 (e.g., these measurements may be performed on each of coils 36 in the array of coils in device 12). Circuitry 42 uses these impulse response measurements to identify spatial patterns in measured L values (and/or Q factor values) across surface 60. Analysis of a pattern of measured inductance (L) change can help determine whether a known type of device 10 is present on coils 36. Analysis of the spatial patterns of measured inductance L (and, if desired, Q factor, which has an inverse relationship with respect to L), as a function of coil position in the X-Y plane of surface 60 may be used in determining when to transit wireless power from device 12 to device 10. If, for example, the value of L for each of coils 36 is unchanged from its nominal state, circuitry 42 can conclude that no external device suitable for wireless charging is present. If the value of L for a given one of coils 36 is elevated or other suitable pattern of measured L values is detected, circuitry 42 can conclude that an external device that is suitable for wireless charging is present on that coil and can prepare to transmit wireless power using that coil.

Before transmitting wireless power, it may be desirable to check whether a sensitive device such as an RFID device is present on surface 60. Sensitive devices can potentially be harmed by excessive wireless power levels, so checking for sensitive devices helps avoid damage to sensitive devices during subsequent wireless power transfer operations. In some scenarios, both portable device 10 and a sensitive device may be present over the same coil 36 in the array of coils 36 in device 12. A sensitive device may, as an example, be present under a cellular telephone, watch, or other portable device 10 that includes a wireless power receiving coil 14. Even though the presence of the portable device 10 can be detected by making inductance measurements with coils 36, it is desirable to check whether a sensitive device is also present so as to avoid damaging the sensitive device by exposure to wireless power transmissions.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices typically have RFID coil circuits that resonate at relatively high frequencies such as a frequency of 13.56 MHz. In some embodiments, to determine if an RFID is present on surface 60, RFID checking measurements are performed by measuring signal OUT(N1) on node N1 using measurement circuit 94 (FIG. 3). During these checking measurements, control circuitry 42 directs oscillator circuitry 84 to sweep the frequency of the signal supplied to node N1 between a first frequency f1 and a second frequency f2 covering the expected resonant frequencies of popular RFID coils. Transistor TP may remain open so that current from oscillator circuitry 84 flows through each coil 36 that has been selected during measurement operations. The value of f1 may be, for example, 10 MHz, more than 5 MHz, less than 11 MHz, less than 12 MHz, less than 15 MHz, or other suitable value. The value of f2 may be 30 MHz, more than 14 MHz, more than 15 MHz, more than 20 MHz, less than 45 MHz, or other suitable value.

As shown in FIG. 3, swept-frequency measurement circuit 94 includes a peak detector such as peak detector 88 that measures the voltage on node N1, band pass filter 90, and analog-to-digital converter circuitry 92. Analog-to-digital converter circuitry 92 supplies a digital version of its input to control circuitry 42.

When no RFID device is present on charging surface 60 of device 12, peak detector 88 will detect a signal such as the signal of curve 108 in FIG. 6. When an RFID device overlaps charging surface 60, signal OUT(N1) (see, e.g., curve 110) will exhibit a resonance signal such as signal 112 in as frequency f is swept between f1 and f2. Resonance signal 112 may, for example, correspond to a resonance frequency such as an RFID resonant frequency of 13.56 MHz.

Frequency f is swept between f1 and f2 at a predetermined speed. For example, control circuitry 42 may sweep frequency from f1 to f2 in an interval of 2 ms, at least 1 ms, less than 3 ms, or other suitable time period. The pass frequency of band pass filter 90 is selected so that resonance signal 112 will pass through band pass filter 90 as band pass filtered signal 112′ of band pass output curve 114 when frequency f is changed between f1 and f2 at the predetermined speed (e.g., when the full sweep range is covered in an interval of 2 ms, etc.). The use of band pass filter 90 helps remove non-resonant signal fluctuations from curve 110 (e.g., signal tilt and slowly varying increases and/or decreases of the type shown by illustrative curve 110 of FIG. 6). The resulting band-pass-filtered signal (curve 114 and filtered signal resonance 112′) can be processed by control circuitry 42 to confirm that an RFID resonance at a particular frequency has been detected. Control circuitry 42 can then take appropriate action. For example, if no RFID signature is detected, control circuitry 42 can conclude that the detected external object on surface 60 is likely a portable device (device 10 with coil 14) without any intervening (overlapping) sensitive RFID device. If an RFID signature (e.g., resonant signal 112′ at an RFID frequency such as 13.56 MHz) is detected, control circuitry 42 can reduce the level of wireless power transmitted by coils 36 or can prevent wireless power from being transmitted by coils 36 (or at least the coils that are overlapped by the sensitive RFID device) so as to mitigate damage to the RFID device. Optionally, control circuit 42 can issue an alert to a user.

In some arrangements, it may be desirable to avoid sensitive frequencies during the frequency sweep operations of FIG. 6. For example, it may be desirable to skip a narrow band of frequencies centered on an unpermitted frequency fnp such as band 113. Unpermitted frequency fnp may be, as an example, a frequency of 13.56 MHz. Band 113 may cover frequencies within +/−20 kHz of 13.56 MHz (as an example). Skipping band 113 during the frequency sweep from f1 to f2 may ensure regulatory compliance in jurisdictions in which use of the frequencies of band 113 is restricted. To facilitate skipping of band 113, oscillator 84 may be implemented using a circuit that permits rapid skipping of undesired frequencies during frequency sweeping such as a direct digital sine wave generator. Other types of oscillator may be used, if desired.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of device 10 in an illustrative configuration in which device 10 has a power receiving coil (coil 14) located in the lower portion of device housing 116. Device may also have one or more additional coils such as coil PR. Each optional coil PR may form part of a corresponding resonant circuit (e.g., a passive resonant circuit with a known frequency resonance at a frequency between 10 MHz and 30 MHz or other suitable frequency). The measurement circuitry of device 12 can detect the presence and location of coils such as coil PR when scanning frequency f for each coil 36 as described in connection with FIG. 6. The incorporation of known passive resonators into device 10 may help allow the location, orientation, and type of device 10 to be accurately identified by device 12.

Different devices may also have different known frequency resonances when placed on surface 60. Consider, for example, the scenario of FIG. 8. In the absence of an external object, coil 36 may exhibit a frequency response of the type shown by curve FS. When a first type of device 10 (e.g., a cellular telephone) is placed on surface 60, curve FS may shift to curve D1. When a second type of device 10 (e.g., a watch) is placed on surface 60, curve FS may shift to curve D2. By measuring OUT(N1) by sweeping across a predetermined frequency range (e.g., from a low frequency of 1 kHz, 10 kHz, more than 100 kHz, more than 1 MHz, more than 10 MHz, less than 100 MHz, less than 10 MHz, less than 1 MHz, or other suitable low frequency to a high frequency of 10 kHz, more than 100 kHz, more than 1 MHz, more than 10 MHz, more than 10 MHz, less than 1 GHz, less than 100 MHz, less than 10 MHz, or other suitable high frequency), device 12 can determine what type of power receiving device 10 is present and can use this information to take appropriate action (e.g., by supplying wireless power to that device with device-appropriate settings, etc.). If desired, circuitry 42 may also discriminate between curves such as curves FS, D1, and D2 using smaller sets of measurements (e.g., a set of 2-10 data points, more than 2 data points, fewer than 5 data points, etc.).

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of illustrative operations involved in using system 8. During the operations of block 120, system 8 performs standby measurements. For example, device 12 may use circuitry such as circuit 78 of FIG. 3 to monitor one or more of coils 36 (e.g., each coil 36 in the array of coils 36 in device 12) for the presence of an external object such as one of devices 10 which is potentially compatible for wireless power transfer or an incompatible object such as a coin or badge. A single measurement at frequency fr may be made to determine whether OUT(N1) is lower than expected for any coils 36 or, if desired, multiple measurements at different frequencies near fr may be made (e.g., to determine which direction the coil resonance has shifted due to an external object and thereby help determine whether the object is an electronic device or is a coin or other incompatible foreign object). The standby operations of block 120 consume a low amount of power (e.g., 50 mW or less, 100 mW or less, more than 1 mW, or other suitable amount).

In response to detection of an external object with control circuitry 42 during the operations of block 120, control circuitry 42 performs additional detection operations such as low-frequency impulse response measurements (block 122). During the operations of block 122, control circuitry 42 may, for example, use inverter 72 or other resonant circuit drive circuitry to apply a stimulus (e.g., a square wave or other signal impulse) to the circuit formed from one or more of coils 36 (e.g., to each coil 36 in the array of coils 36 in device 12, a subset of these coils such as those for which foreign object presence has been detected during the operations of block 120, and/or other suitable sets of one or more of coils 36), thereby causing that circuit (and that coil 36) to resonate while using a measurement circuit such as impulse response measurement circuitry 76 of FIG. 3 to measure the response of the resonant circuit. As described in connection with FIG. 5, the characteristics of the resulting circuit resonance may then be measured and analyzed. For example, control circuitry 42 may use information on the measured resonant frequency to measure inductance and may use information on the decay of the signal resonance to determine resistance R and Q factor. If desired, the measurements of blocks 120 and/or 122 can be mapped in dimensions X and Y across surface 60 to help identify devices 10 and foreign objects.

If the operations of block 122 reveal that no foreign object is present and that an electronic device 10 is present, additional checking operations may be performed during block 124. In particular, frequency sweep measurements with circuitry such as oscillator circuitry 84 and swept-frequency measurement circuit 94 of FIG. 3 may be performed to check for the presence of a sensitive RFID device, as described in connection with FIG. 6.

Appropriate action are taken during the operations of block 126 based on the results of measurements such as the measurements of blocks 120, 122, and/or 124. If, as an example, a sensitive RFID device is detected during the operations of block 124 or if a foreign object is detected, wireless charging operations with all of coils 36 or an appropriate subset of coils 36 can be blocked. In response to detection of an electronic device 10 having a known characteristic L response (and/or Q response) and in response to determining that no RFID device is present after checking one or more of coils 36, as appropriate, with circuit 94 (e.g., the coils 36 for which L and/or Q measurements and/or other measurements indicate may be overlapped by an object or all of coils 36), control circuitry 42 can use wireless power transmitting circuitry 34 to transmit wireless power to wireless power receiving circuitry 46.

In some operating environments, signal measurement accuracy can be adversely affected by noise. For example, in arrangements in which multiple power receiving devices are located on a common wireless charging mat, the process of transmitting wireless power to one of the devices using coils in the mat that are overlapped by that device may create noise when making measurements such as impulse response measurements on another device that overlaps different coils in the mat. With one illustrative arrangement, potential interference can be avoided by stopping the charging of a first device for a sufficient amount of time to allow measurements such as impulse response measurements to be made on a second device in the absence of noise. With another illustrative arrangement, noise can be removed from measurements such as impulse response measurements.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing how the measured signal on node N1 (or other suitable node) such as signal OUT may contain noise when attempting to make measurements on a coil overlapped by a wireless power receiving device. As shown by curve 150, signal OUT can initially be measured during time period T1 by impulse response measurement circuitry 76, in the absence of any applied impulse by impulse response measurement circuitry 76. There may be noise present in the signal OUT during time period T1 due to the charging of one or more additional wireless power receiving devices elsewhere on device 12 (e.g., overlapping other coils besides the coil/coils 36 overlapped by the wireless power receiving device). During time period T2, impulse response measurement circuitry 76 applies an impulse to coil 36 and measures the resulting ringing and exponential decay of the resulting signal OUT. Noise is present in this measured signal due to the wireless power transmission to one or more other devices on device 12. As described in connection with FIG. 5, the frequency and decay rate of the impulse response signal can reveal information such as the value of coil inductance L. To enhance measurement accuracy, the noise measured during period T1 can be removed from the signal measured during period T2 before processing the signal measured during period T2 to produce measurement results such as inductance L.

A flow chart of illustrative operations involved in measuring inductance L in a potentially noisy environment such as a charging environment in which multiple devices 10 are located on a common wireless power transmitting device 12 is shown in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 11, power transmission from device 12 to a first device 10 may be initiated at step 152.

With one illustrative approach, power transmission to the first device is momentarily suspended to permit measurement of L for a coil(s) overlapped with a second device. This approach is illustrated by the operations of blocks 154, 156, and 158. During the operations of block 154, device 12 stops power transmission to the first device. During the operations of block 156, impulse response measurement circuitry 76 is used to make impulse response measurements and thereby obtain L for the coil overlapped by the second device (e.g., while the first device is not receiving power). During the operations of block 158, power transmission from device 12 to the first device 10 is resumed. Power can also be wirelessly transmitted to the second device 10.

With another illustrative approach, which is illustrated in blocks 160, 162, and 164, noise is removed from the measured signals without interrupting power transmission to the first device. During the operations of block 160, measurement circuitry 76 or other measurement circuitry measures noise in signal OUT (see, e.g., period T1 of FIG. 10) for the coil(s) overlapped by the second device without interrupting power transmission to the first device. During the operations of block 162, the impulse response measurement circuitry 76 applies an impulse pulse to the coil(s) overlapped by the second device and measures signal OUT (see, e.g., period T2 of FIG. 10) while power continues to be transmitted to the first device using other coils in device 12 (thereby introducing noise into the signal measured during time period T2). During the operations of block 164, impulse response measurement circuitry 76 and/or control circuitry 42 removes the measured noise of period T2 from the impulse response signal of period T2 (e.g., by repeatedly subtracting the measured noise at various different trial phase values until satisfactory noise removal is achieved). If the noise is satisfactorily removed in this way (e.g., if an exponential decay in signal OUT is obtained and the measured value of L and/or other parameters is therefore obtained with satisfactory accuracy), impulse response measurement are complete and wireless power transmission operations may proceed. As shown by line 166, if noise is not satisfactorily removed during the operations of block 164, processing may loop back to block 160 to make additional noise and impulse response measurements.

System 8 allows device 12 to forgo charging of device 10 if a foreign object such as a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device is overlapped by device 10 and is therefore interposed between device 10 and one or more coils 36 in device 12. Because coils 36 can be controlled independently, if a RFID device or other sensitive device is detected on one portion of device 12 (e.g., overlapping a first set of one or more coils) while device 10 is detected on another portion of device 12 (e.g., overlapping a second set of one or more coils different from the first set of coils), device 12 can transmit power wirelessly using only the second set of coils and not the first set of coils. In this way, power is not wirelessly transmitted to the RFID device but is transmitted only to wireless power receiving device 10.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing how wireless power transmitting circuitry 34 may have circuitry of impedances Z1 and Z2 that form a voltage divider at node N1. Impedance Z1 may be formed from components such as capacitor 86. Impedance Z2 may be formed by coil 36 and associated circuit components (e.g., a parasitic resistance and capacitance associated with coil 36). Multiplexer MX may include an array of switches. When it is desired to switch as desired coil 36 into use, its associated multiplexer switch can be closed. For example, control circuitry 42 can control multiplexer MX so that drive signals can be applied to each of coils 36 when making measurements to detect wireless power receiving device 12 or other external object on coils 36.

When it is desired to perform object detection measurements on coils 36 (impedance Z2), oscillator 84 drives an alternating-current drive signal such as a square wave signal onto node N1. The frequency of the drive signal may be 1.1 MHz, at least 800 MHz, at least 1 MHz, less than 5 MHz, less than 1.5 MHz, or other suitable frequency (as examples). Peak detector 80 and analog-to-digital converter 82 of measurement circuit 78 are used in measuring the voltage on node N1 to detect external objects. During operation of system 8 (e.g., when wireless power receiving device 10 is being used to receive wireless power), wireless power receiving device 10 tunes its resonant circuit (e.g., a wireless power receiving device resonant circuit formed from a coil 14 and associated capacitance) so that the wireless power receiving device resonant exhibits a desired wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency frx. The value of frx may be, for example, 1 MHz or other suitable frequency (e.g., 0.9 to 1.1 MHz, 0.8 to 1.2 MHz, etc.). When device 10 is present on device 12 (e.g., when coil 14 is placed on a coil 36 in device 12), the impedance of the resonant circuit of device 10 is reflected to the transmitter's coil impedance. As a result, the inductance of coil 36 (Z2) exhibits a resonance at frequency frx as illustrated by curve 200 of FIG. 13.

For satisfactory detection of device 10 on each coil 36, the drive frequency fdrive of oscillator 84 may be selected to be slightly larger than receiver resonant frequency frx (e.g., fdrive may be 101% to 150% of frx, as an example). This ensures that the measured voltage of node N1 (e.g., the change in the voltage on node N1 due to the presence of device 10) will be sufficient to be measured by measurement circuit 78. With one illustrative configuration, frx is 1 MHz and fdrive is between 1 MHz and 1.5 MHz, 1.1-1.5 MHz, at least 1.05 MHz, at least 1.1 MHz, at least 1.15 MHz, less than 2 MHz, less than 1.9 MHz, less than 1.8 MHz, less than 1.7 MHz, less than 1.6 MHz, less than 1.4 MHz, less than 1.3 MHz or other suitable frequency that ensures that the voltage deflection on node N1 will be sufficient in response to placement of device 10 (and its resonant circuit) on a given transmitter coil 36.

If desired, power can be conserved during measurements with measurement circuit 78 by applying the drive signal from oscillator 84 in bursts separated by periods of inactivity (no applied drive signals). As shown in FIG. 14, for example, a first burst (burst B1) may include a series of alternating-current drive signals applied to a first coil (coil C1), a second series of alternating-current drive signals applied to a second coil (coil C2), . . . up to an Nth series of signals for an Nth coil CN, followed by subsequent bursts of signals such as second burst (see, e.g., burst B2). Each coil scan may be about 0.5-2 ms in duration (as an example). There may be 22 coils 36 or other suitable number of coils in device 12 (e.g., the value of N can be 22). Within each burst of measurement signals, alternating-current signals from oscillator 84 may be applied to each coil (C1 . . . CN) in sequence. No drive signals are applied to the coils during off period Toff between successive bursts.

As shown in FIG. 14, for example, following the measurements of burst B1, oscillator 84 does not supply any output signals for off period Toff to conserve power. Signal measurements are resumed after period Toff is complete. The value of Toff may be selected to be longer to reduce power consumption or shorter to reduce detection latency. With one illustrative configuration, Toff has a value of 100 mS to 2 s. In general, Toff can have any suitable value (e.g., 200 ms, 225 ms, 250 ms, at least 10 ms, at least 50 ms, at least 100 ms, at least 200 ms, at least 400 ms, at least 800 ms, less than 3 s, less than 1.5 s, less than 900 ms, less than 500 ms, or less than 300 ms). If desired, measurement operations with off period Toff may be used in configurations for wireless power transmitting device 12 in which only a single coil 36 is present. The use of burst mode operations in the context of a multi-coil system is illustrative.

Peak detector 80 may be implemented using diodes. For example, peak detector 80 may be formed from a pair of diodes (e.g., a first diode coupled to ground and a second diode coupled in series between node N1 and analog-to-digital converter circuit 82). Diode forward voltages are affected by temperature fluctuations. To reduce measurement inaccuracies from temperature drift effects, the output from analog-to-digital converter 82 is time filtered (e.g., with a rate-based filter implemented in software, firmware, and/or hardware using control circuitry 42). When a user places device 10 on device 12, the impedance of coil 36 and therefore the output of analog-to-digital converter 82 will fluctuate more rapidly than when the output of analog-to-digital converter 82 is affected by temperature drift. By filtering the output of converter 82 (e.g., using an analog-to-digital converter speed threshold of 5 analog-to-digital converter counts per 2 seconds or other suitable threshold in applying rate-of-change-based filtering to the output of the analog-to-digital converter), control circuitry 42 can use rate-of-change filtering to discriminate between a relatively fast change in measured impedance due to placement of device 10 and a relatively slow change in measured impedance due to temperature drift.

With one illustrative configuration, a window algorithm is used to implement a rate-of-change filter to filter the output of analog-to-digital converter 82 and thereby discriminate between device placement events (which are to be detected) and temperature drift effects (which are to be ignored). FIG. 15 is a graph in which analog-to-digital converter output (ADC) has been plotted as a function of time (ADC scans). As shown in FIG. 15, control circuitry 42 can examine ADC output values within a time window (e.g., time period k−(k−K) of FIG. 15). With one illustrative configuration, all coils 36 are scanned every 250 ms (or other suitable period). Each scan (one ADC value) is stored in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer in memory in control circuitry 42, so that the buffer contains K scans for each coil. Control circuitry 42 then uses a window algorithm (filter process) to process the window data. In particular, the maximum of the ADC value within the window minus the current ADC value (see, e.g., ΔADC of FIG. 15) is compared to a predetermined object detection threshold value. If the value of ΔADC minus the current ADC value exceeds a predetermined threshold amount, control circuitry 42 concludes that the change in output of converter 82 during the window is due to an object placement on device 12 (e.g., device 10 is being placed on device 12). If the value of ΔADC minus the current ADC value does not exceed the predetermined threshold amount, control circuitry 42 concludes that the change in output of converter 82 during the window is due to temperature drift and can be ignored. If desired, other techniques may be used by control circuitry 42 to process analog-to-digital converter output to distinguish between temperature drift effects and object placement effects. The use of a window algorithm to process analog-to-digital converter output is illustrative.

The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can be made to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or in any combination. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless power transmitting device, comprising: a coil; wireless power transmitting circuitry coupled to the coil and configured to transmit wireless power signals to a wireless power receiving device with a receiving coil; an oscillator coupled to the coil that is configured to apply a probe signal to the coil at a probe frequency; and control circuitry configured to: in a standby mode, determine whether an external object is present by directing the oscillator to supply the probe signal to the coil in bursts separated by respective periods of time in which no probe signals are supplied to the coil by the oscillator, wherein each burst has a first duration greater than 0.5 milliseconds, and wherein each period of time in which no probe signals are supplied to the coil by the oscillator has a second duration greater than 100 milliseconds.
 2. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 1, wherein the probe frequency of the probe signal is the same during each of the bursts.
 3. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 1, wherein the receiving coil is in a wireless power receiving circuit that is configured to resonate at a wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency and wherein the probe frequency is greater than the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency.
 4. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 3, wherein the probe frequency is equal to 101% to 150% of the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency
 5. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 1, wherein the receiving coil is in a wireless power receiving circuit that is configured to resonate at a wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency, wherein the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency is 1 MHz, and wherein the probe frequency is at least 1 MHz.
 6. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 1, further comprising an analog-to-digital converter configured to measure signals at the probe frequency, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: determine that the external object is present in response to the analog-to-digital converter detecting a voltage drop at a node between the oscillator and the coil.
 7. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 6, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: in response to determining that the external object is present, obtain measurements to determine whether the external object is the wireless power receiving device with the receiving coil or a foreign object.
 8. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 7, wherein the control circuitry is configured to: in response to determining that the external object is the wireless power receiving device, transmit wireless power signals to the wireless power receiving device.
 9. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 7, wherein obtaining measurements to determine whether the external object is the wireless power receiving device with the receiving coil or the foreign object comprises: using impulse response measurement circuitry, measuring decay of an impulse response signal that is produced in response to a pulse being applied to the coil.
 10. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 1, wherein the first duration is between 0.5 milliseconds and 2 milliseconds.
 11. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 10, wherein the second duration is greater than 800 milliseconds.
 12. A method of using a wireless power transmitting device having wireless power transmitting circuitry that transmits wireless power signals to a wireless power receiving device using a coil, the method comprising: in a standby mode, monitoring the coil for presence of an external object by periodically supplying, with an oscillator, a probe signal to the coil at a probe frequency; in response to detecting the external object, obtaining measurements to determine whether the external object is the wireless power receiving device; and in response to determining that the external object is the wireless power receiving device, wirelessly transmitting power from the coil to the wireless power receiving device.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the wireless power receiving device has a wireless power receiving circuit with an associated wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency and wherein the probe frequency is greater than the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the probe frequency is equal to 101% to 150% of the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the coil is one of a plurality of coils and wherein monitoring the coil comprises supplying the probe signal to each of the plurality of coils in sequence.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein monitoring the coil for presence of the external object comprises measuring a voltage of a node between the oscillator and the coil and wherein detecting the external object comprises detecting a drop in the voltage of the node between the oscillator and the coil.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein obtaining the measurements to determine whether the external object is the wireless power receiving device comprises: using impulse response measurement circuitry, measuring decay of an impulse response signal that is produced in response to a pulse being applied to the coil.
 18. A wireless power transmitting device, comprising: a coil; wireless power transmitting circuitry coupled to the coil and configured to transmit wireless power signals to a wireless power receiving device with a receiving coil; control circuitry configured to control transmission of the wireless power signals; and measurement circuitry coupled to the coil that is used by the control circuitry to detect external objects, wherein the measurement circuitry includes an oscillator configured to apply a probe signal at a probe frequency and includes an analog-to-digital converter configured to measure signals at the probe frequency, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to process output from the analog-to-digital converter to distinguish between temperature drift effects and object placement effects.
 19. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 18, wherein the receiving coil is in a wireless power receiving circuit that is configured to resonate at a wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency and wherein the probe frequency is larger than the wireless power receiving circuit resonant frequency.
 20. The wireless power transmitting device of claim 18, wherein processing the output from the analog-to-digital converter to distinguish between temperature drift effects and object placement effects comprises applying rate-of-change filtering to the output. 